Galatians #12

GALATIANS # 12
HISTORY
An overview (11)
9/27/10

John 19:29-30 ( KJV )
Now there was set a vessel full of vinegar: and they filled a sponge with vinegar, and put it upon hyssop, and put it to his mouth.
When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.

What is finished?

His life?

Is it a mournful statement of despair that his life is ending?

Or, is this a rueful statement, regretting that he failed to accomplish his goals?

NO! It is a statement of fact, of triumph!

A declaration that the promise first stated in Genesis 3: 15; expanded upon in Gen. 15: 18; 26 3-5, etc. and that the mosaic Law is fulfilled: God’s revelation of Himself is complete!“History of salvation” is now complete; the New Testament then goes on to record what Christ has done and explains what has transpired:

John 5:39 ( KJV )
Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me.

And:

Matthew 5:17-20 ( KJV )

What did Jesus mean by fulfill/break one of these least commandments?

The writers of “Hard sayings of the Bible” explain this astonishingly paradoxical scripture (which is so integral to Paul’s letter to the Galatians) so well that I have copied their entire comment:

Title : Hard Sayings of the Bible
Edition : Fourth
Copyright : One-volume edition © 1996 by Walter C. Kaiser Jr., Peter H. Davids, F. F. Bruce and Manfred T. Brauch. This one-volume edition comprises five separate volumes from the Hard Sayings series, all reedited for this volume, along with new material created exclusively for this edition: The Hard Sayings of Jesus, © 1983 by F. F. Bruce, and reprinted here with permission of Edward England Books and Hodder & Stoughton, Ltd., England; Hard Sayings of the Old Testament, © 1988 by Walter C. Kaiser Jr.; Hard Sayings of Paul, © 1989 by Manfred T. Brauch; More Hard Sayings of the New Testament, © 1991 by Peter H. Davids; More Hard Sayings of the Old Testament, © 1992 by Walter C. Kaiser Jr. Electronic Edition STEP Files Copyright © 2003, QuickVerse, a division of Findex.com, Inc.

Matthew 5:17 ( KJV )
Eternal Law?

(Matthew 5:17-20) Here is surely an uncompromising affirmation of the eternal validity of the law of Moses. Not the smallest part of it is to be abrogated—“not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen.” The “jot” (kjv) is the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet; the “iota” (rsv) is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. The “tittle” (kjv) or “dot” (rsv) was a very small mark attached to a letter, perhaps to distinguish it from another which resembled it, as in our alphabet G is distinguished from C, or Q from O. What is hard about this uncompromising affirmation? For some readers the hardness lies in the difficulty of recognizing in this speaker the Christ who, according to Paul, “is the end of the law, so that there may be righteousness for everyone who believes” (Rom 10:4). Others find no difficulty in supposing that Paul’s conception of Jesus differed radically from the presentation of his character and teaching in the Gospels. The view has indeed been expressed (not so frequently nowadays as at an earlier time) that Paul is pointed to as the man who “breaks one of the least of these commandments and teaches others to do the same.” This implies that the saying does not come from Jesus, but from a group in the early church that did not like Paul. Even where the reference to Paul would not be entertained, it is held by many that these words come from a group in the early church that wished to maintain the full authority of the law for Christians. The saying, according to Rudolf Bultmann, “records the attitude of the conservative Palestinian community in contrast to that of the Hellenists.” There were probably several selections of sayings of Jesus in circulation before the Gospels proper began to be produced, and one of these, which was preferred by stricter Jewish Christians, seems to have been used, along with others, by Matthew. Such a selection of sayings could be drawn up in accordance with the outlook of those who compiled it; sayings which in themselves appeared to support that outlook would be included, while others which appeared to go contrary to it would be omitted. The teaching of Jesus was much more diversified than any partisan selection of his sayings would indicate. By not confining himself to any one selection Matthew gives an all-around picture of the teaching. A saying such as has just been quoted had three successive life-settings: its life-setting in the historical ministry of Jesus, its setting in a restricted selection of Jesus’ sayings, and its setting in the Gospel of Matthew. It is only its setting in the Gospel of Matthew that is immediately accessible to us. (In addition to these three settings, of course, it may have acquired subsequent life-settings in the history of the church and in the course of interpretation. The statement “I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them” has been used, for example, to present the gospel as the crown of fulfillment of Hinduism, but such a use of it is irrelevant to the intention of Jesus or of the Evangelist.) To the remark that it is only in its setting in the Gospel of Matthew that the saying is immediately accessible to us there is a partial exception. Part of it occurs in a different context in the Gospel of Luke. In Luke 16:16-17 Jesus says, “The Law and the Prophets were proclaimed until John. Since that time, the good news of the kingdom of God is being preached, and everyone is forcing his way into it. It is easier for heaven and earth to disappear than for the least stroke of a pen to drop out of the Law.” The second of these two sentences is parallel to (but not identical with) Matthew 5:18. The selection of sayings which is supposed to have been drawn up in a more legally minded Christian circle, and which Matthew is widely considered to have used as one of his sources, is often labeled M (because it is represented in Matthew’s Gospel only). Another, more comprehensive, selection on which both Matthew and Luke are widely considered to have drawn is commonly labeled Q. It may be, then, that the form of the “jot and tittle” saying found in Matthew 5:18 is the M form, while that found in Luke 16:17 is the Q form. T. W. Manson was one scholar who believed that this was so, and he invited his readers to bear two possibilities in mind. The first possibility was that Luke’s form of the saying is closer to the original wording and that the form in Matthew “is a revision of it to bring it explicitly into line with Rabbinical doctrine.” The other possibility, which follows on from this one, was “that the saying in its original form asserts not the perpetuity of the Law but the unbending conservatism of the scribes,” that it is not intended to be “sound Rabbinical dogma but bitter irony.” Jesus, that is to say, addresses the scribes and says, “The world will come to an end before you give up the tiniest part of your traditional interpretation of the law.” It is plain that Jesus did not accept the rabbinical interpretation of the law. Indeed, he charged the scribes, the acknowledged students and teachers of the law, with “break[ing] the command of God for the sake of your tradition” (so the wording runs in Mt 15:3, in a passage based on Mk 7:9). He said that by their application of the law “they tie up heavy loads and put them on men’s shoulders” (Mt 23:4); by contrast, he issued the invitation “Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for . . . my yoke is easy, and my burden is light” (Mt 11:29-30). But he did not relax the requirements of God’s law as such, nor did he recommend a lower standard of righteousness than the “Pharisees and the teachers of the law” required. On the contrary, he insisted that admittance to the kingdom of heaven called for righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees. This last statement, found in Matthew 5:20, serves as an introduction to the paragraphs which follow, in which Jesus’ account of what obedience to the law involves is given in a succession of hard sayings, at which we shall look one by one. But at the moment we may mention two principles by which he interpreted and applied the law. First, he maintained that the proper way to keep any commandment was to fulfill the purpose for which it was given. He did this with regard to the law of marriage; he did it also with regard to the sabbath law. On the sabbath day, said the fourth commandment, “you shall not do any work.” In the eyes of some custodians of the law, this called for a careful definition of what constituted “work,” so that people might know precisely what might or might not be done on that day. Circumstances could alter cases: an act of healing, for example, was permissible if it was a matter of life and death, but if the treatment could be put off to the following day without any danger or detriment to the patient, that would be better. It was precisely on this issue that Jesus collided repeatedly with the scribes and their associates. His criterion for the keeping of this law was to inquire for what purpose the sabbath was instituted. It was instituted, he held, to provide rest and relief for human beings: they were not made for the sake of the sabbath, but the sabbath was given for their sake. Therefore, any action which promoted their rest, relief and general well-being was permissible on the sabbath. It was not merely permissible on the sabbath: the sabbath was the most appropriate day for its performance, because its performance so signally promoted God’s purpose in instituting the sabbath. Jesus appears to have cured people by preference on the sabbath day, because such an action honored the day. He did not abrogate the fourth commandment; he interpreted it in a different way from the current interpretation. Did his principle of interpretation “surpass the righteousness of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law”? Perhaps it did. There are some people who find it easier to have a set of rules. When a practical problem arises, they can consult the rules and know what to do. But they have to decide which action best fulfills the purpose of the law. That involves thought, and thought of this kind, with the personal responsibility that accompanies it, is a difficult exercise for them. Second, Jesus maintained that obedience or disobedience to the law began inwardly, in the human heart. It was not sufficient to conform one’s outward actions and words to what the law required; the thought-life must be conformed to it first of all. One of the Old Testament psalmists voiced his feelings thus: “I desire to do your will, O my God; your law is within my heart” (Ps 40:8). This Psalm is not quoted by Jesus in the Gospels, but in another place in the New Testament its language is applied to him (Heb 10:7, 9). It does indeed express very well the attitude of Jesus himself and the attitude which he recommended to his hearers. Where the mind and will are set to do the will of God, the speaking and acting will not deviate from it. Besides, where this is so, there will be an emphasis on the inward spiritual aspects of ethics and religion, rather than on outward and material aspects. The idea that a religious obligation could be given precedence over one’s duty to one’s parents was one with which Jesus had no sympathy (see Mk 7:10-13). This idea was approved by some exponents of the law in his day, but in general Jewish teaching has agreed with him here. Again, Jesus set very little store by details of ritual purification or food regulations, because these had no ethical content. Mark goes so far as to say that by his pronouncements on these last matters he “declared all foods ‘clean’” (Mk 7:19). If Matthew does not reproduce these words of Mark, he does reproduce the pronouncements of Jesus which Mark so interprets (Mt 15:17-20). But did the ritual washings and food restrictions not belong to the jots and tittles of the law? Should they not be reckoned, at the lowest estimate, among “the least of these commandments”? Perhaps so, but in Jesus’ eyes “justice, mercy and faithfulness” were of much greater importance (Mt 23:23). And what about the sacrificial ceremonies? They were included in the law, to be sure, but Jesus’ attitude to such things is summed up in his quotation from a great Old Testament prophet: “I desire mercy, not sacrifice” (Hos 6:6). It is Matthew, and Matthew alone among the Evangelists, who records Jesus as quoting these words, and he records him as using them twice (Mt 9:13; 12:7). The law is fulfilled ethically rather than ceremonially. Jesus confirmed the insistence of the great prophets that punctiliousness in ceremonial observances is worse than useless where people neglect “to act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with . . . God” (Mic 6:8). It is human beings, and not inanimate things, that matter. The law for Jesus was the expression of God’s will. The will of God is eternal and unchangeable. Jesus did not come to modify the will of God; he fulfilled it. The standard of obedience to that will which he set, by his example and his teaching alike, is more exacting than the standard set by the written law. He insisted that the will of God should be done from the heart. But, in so insisting, he provided the means by which the doing of God’s will from the heart should not be an unattainable ideal. If Paul may be brought in to interpret the teaching of Jesus here, the apostle who maintained that men and women are justified before God through faith in Jesus and not through keeping the law also maintained that those who have faith in Jesus receive his Spirit so that “the righteous requirements of the law might be fully met in us, who do not live according to the sinful nature but according to the Spirit” (Rom 8:4). The gospel demands more than the law, but supplies the power to do it. Someone has put it in doggerel but telling lines: To run and work the law commands, Yet gives me neither feet nor hands; But better news the gospel brings: It bids me fly, and gives me wings. See also comment on Romans 10:4. (Kaiser, Bruce and Manfred)

Aha!

We see the beginning of the explanation of the “mystery” with the introduction of another “bigger than life” individual: Stephen...

Acts 6: 3 – 6

The scripture then records the astonishing things that God works through this man “full of faith and the Holy Ghost

Acts 7:42-60 ( KJV )
Then God turned, and gave them up to worship the host of heaven; as it is written in the book of the prophets, O ye house of Israel, have ye offered to me slain beasts and sacrifices by the space of forty years in the wilderness?
Yea, ye took up the tabernacle of Moloch, and the star of your god Remphan, figures which ye made to worship them: and I will carry you away beyond Babylon.
Our fathers had the tabernacle of witness in the wilderness, as he had appointed, speaking unto Moses, that he should make it according to the fashion that he had seen.
Which also our fathers that came after brought in with Jesus into the possession of the Gentiles, whom God drave out before the face of our fathers, unto the days of David;
Who found favour before God, and desired to find a tabernacle for the God of Jacob.
But Solomon built him an house.
Howbeit the most High dwelleth not in temples made with hands; as saith the prophet,
Heaven is my throne, and earth is my footstool: what house will ye build me? saith the Lord: or what is the place of my rest?
Hath not my hand made all these things?
Ye stiffnecked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, ye do always resist the Holy Ghost: as your fathers did, so do ye.
Which of the prophets have not your fathers persecuted? and they have slain them which showed before of the coming of the Just One; of whom ye have been now the betrayers and murderers:
Who have received the law by the disposition of angels, and have not kept it.
When they heard these things, they were cut to the heart, and they gnashed on him with their teeth.
But he, being full of the Holy Ghost, looked up stedfastly into heaven, and saw the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the right hand of God,
And said, Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of God.
Then they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and ran upon him with one accord,
And cast him out of the city, and stoned him: and the witnesses laid down their clothes at a young man’s feet, whose name was Saul.
And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.
And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge. And when he had said this, he fell asleep.

Though only these few scriptures (Acts 6; 7; 8; 11 and 22) tell us the little we know of Stephen, this event is the hinge-point; a “line in the sand”; a declaration that the Temple has served its purpose, the Law has been fulfilled, as Paul states so clearly :

1 Corinthians 6:19 ( KJV )
What? know ye not that your body is the temple of the Holy Ghost which is in you, which ye have of God, and ye are not your own?

2 Corinthians 6:16 ( KJV )
And what agreement hath the temple of God with idols? for ye are the temple of the living God; as God hath said, I will dwell in them, and walk in them; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.
Etc.


DISCUSSION
1. Explain what Jesus meant when He said “it is finished” (Jn. 19: 30)
2. How do you reconcile Jesus statement (Matthew 5:17-20) concerning the law with Paul’s doctrine of salvation by Grace 9 (Ephesians 2: 8; etc.)?

Galatians #11

GALATIANS # 11
HISTORY
An overview (10)
9/20/10

As we learned in lesson six: Thus the history of salvation (the acts of God) took place in the context of the history of revelation (the oracles of God). (Mc Grath). in this unfolding revelation of Himself, God chose the Jews as the people through whom He would further reveal Himself; their response was no better or worse than any other group of we humans would have been.

The bible is the written record of this and all other of His revelation: 2 Timothy 3:15-17 ( KJV ) And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, which are able to make thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness: That the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works.

God is so much more than we are, so “other” that it is impossible for us to know Him on our own; we can only know him to the extent that we comprehend his revelation of himself to us. However, without sincere love of God, even intense study will not acquaint one with Him: study without loving Him with all ones heart, mind, body, and soul, will only cause one to know about God – not know Him.

This is the pit the Jews fell into…the very trap which persists to this day - When so entrapped sinful man (all of us) commences to attempt to force the “square peg” of the knowledge of God, into the “round hole” of our desire to be our own god:
We look at the world through our heart. If our heart is longing for the things of this world, then we see the value of things from that perspective. (Colossians 3:1-2[notes1] ) If our desire is for the comfort of possessions and security of riches, then we interpret what we observe through that filter. That is the vision of fallen man because that is the heart of fallen man, self-reliance. (Wallace)

Considering the milieu in which the Jews found themselves, even though the chosen people of God, it was inevitable their belief would be eroded and contaminated by the onslaught of paganism in which they were immersed. The resistance of the Pharisees to this syncretism fueled their fanatically strict adherence to the letter, the minutia, of the law – while completely missing the meaning of the law, caused them to reject their Messiah:
Mark 7:6-9 ( KJV )
He answered and said unto them, Well hath Esaias prophesied of you hypocrites, as it is written, This people honoureth me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.
Howbeit in vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrines the commandments of men.
For laying aside the commandment of God, ye hold the tradition of men, as the washing of pots and cups: and many other such like things ye do.
And he said unto them, Full well ye reject the commandment of God, that ye may keep your own tradition.

Though the vast majority rejected Him, Jesus and all the first Christians were Jews. Christianity began as a splinter group of devout Temple worshiping, Hebraic Jews: Jesus was a Jewish Rabbi.

After the 400 year “silent period”, God’s revelation of Himself reaches its climax as it continues with the record of the incarnation, death and resurrection of the Messiah: the New Testament. The New Testament and the Old Testament form a homogeneous unit – not two separate theological treatises: John 5:38-39 ( KJV ) And ye have not his word abiding in you: for whom he hath sent, him ye believe not.
Search the scriptures; for in them ye think ye have eternal life: and they are they which testify of me.

Though only the O. T. was written at this time, this statement includes the New Testament, which is the announcement of His arrival, a record of His teachings and an explanation of the “Good News”.

The protestant New Testament is made up of 27 books: the four Gospels, Acts, the epistles (letters), and Revelations. The Epistles are arranged by length in descending order, longest first, sorted by author. The book of Acts is the first book after the Gospels followed by the Epistles. It was written by Luke, the author of the gospel of Luke and is, to some extent, a continuation of his Gospel. The genre of Acts is unusual – it contains a lot of history, yet isn’t quite historical; has quite a lot of biographical material, yet isn’t really a biography; contains gospel material, but isn’t a gospel; contains a lot of drama and adventure but isn’t an adventure novel…

There are few Biblical scholars who disagree that Acts was written by Luke, a Greek; Luke’s Gospel and Acts are the only Biblical books written by a non-Jew. He brings himself into the story in Acts 16:10 ( KJV )... And after he had seen the vision, immediately we* endeavoured to go into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us for to preach the gospel unto them.
*( emphasis added)

Luke then accompanied Paul on his travels up to and including Paul’s final imprisonment in Rome, (Paul’s last letter, 2 Timothy 4:11 ( KJV ) …Only Luke is with me..some scholars believe Paul was released at the end of Acts and then made a missionary trip not recorded in Acts, farther west from Rome, returned to Rome was then arrested again and was then executed.) recording the pertinent information concerning the time he spent with Paul. He then also (probably from visiting with Paul and interviewing other disciples) recorded what had went on in the early church and Paul’s prior activities. This record makes Acts a vital resource to any study of Paul’s letters.

There is no record of where Luke came from or any background information about him: name and geography indicates he was a Greek; the sophistication of his writing indicates he was well educated; he was a physician (Colossians 4:14 ( KJV )... Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas, greet you...) …but, for such a significant figure, we don’t know much about his personal life: was he married? Children? Where was he from? How did he come to be converted? From what was he converted? When and where did he die? Etc.

Acts was completed while Paul was in prison in Rome about 62 AD (remember, we agreed to go for early dates in this study), addressed to Theophilus: Acts 1:1 ( KJV ) The former treatise have I made, O Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach...

The cordial, familiar, salutation used here, is a very significant shift from the salutation in the Gospel:Luke 1:3 ( KJV ) It seemed good to me also, having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first, to write unto thee in order, most excellent Theophilus...
Where Theophilus is addressed in the formal manner that would be used in addressing a court official; in Acts he is addressed in the manner of a friend – there is a possibility that by the time of Acts Theophilus has became a Christian. In any case, the formal address in the gospel provides a clue to a possible purpose of the letter.

The Roman court structure and proceedings were similar to ours in many ways; for one thing, they had a person who performed much like our prosecutor, but who was also public defender. Before appearing in court the defendant had the opportunity to make their defense in writing – much like a legal “brief” in our system. The appropriate honorific for this person was “most excellent” – this Theophilus could have been the official before whom Paul was to appear and Luke is presenting Paul’s defense. This would explain Luke’s conciliatory tone, his tendency to downplay tension and friction between Christians within the early church (no mention of the conflict between Paul and Peter in Antioch; yet a a detailed account of the Jerusalem council where an accord was reached; etc.) and Jews as much as possible…

In any case, Acts provides the only record of the early church, provides information about Paul not found in his own letters, and corroborates Paul’s letters.

The most significant apparent anomaly between Luke and Paul’s writings is their respective accounts of Paul’s visits to Jerusalem up to and including the trip to participate in the “Jerusalem council” we will delve into this further when we get to that part of Galatians…

DISCUSSION

1. What makes the Bible special?
2. Give one quotation reflecting Jesus attitude towards the Scriptures.
3. Why is it necessary for God to reveal Himself (Karl Barth, “otherness”, etc)?
4. What was the “pit” the Pharisees fell into?
5. What made this nearly inevitable?
6. How did Jesus describe their religiosity?
7. What is the relationship between the Old and New Testament?
8. How many books in the Old Testament (KJV)?
9. How many books in the New Testament?
10. What genre is the book of Acts?
11. What is significant about how Theophilius is address in the Gospel of Luke compared to Acts?
12. How does Acts relate to Galatians?